[105] Also during his stay in New York, he joined a crowd of 15,000 people at Madison Square Garden during a Hanukkah celebration. [119] Einstein asked them to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany. [152], When he turned 13, he discovered the violin sonatas of Mozart, whereupon he became enamored of Mozart's compositions and studied music more willingly. He later adopted a more balanced view, criticizing their methods but praising them, which is shown by his 1929 remark on Vladimir Lenin: "In Lenin I honor a man, who in total sacrifice of his own person has committed his entire energy to realizing social justice. [53], In 1923, Einstein fell in love with a secretary named Betty Neumann, the niece of a close friend, Hans Mühsam. And the Jewish people to whom I gladly belong and with whose mentality I have a deep affinity have no different quality for me than all other people. He observed, "Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity."[172]. Geburtstag von Max Planck. Schrödinger urged Einstein to add his name as co-author, although Einstein declined the invitation. His friendship with Millikan was "awkward", as Millikan "had a penchant for patriotic militarism", where Einstein was a pronounced pacifist. (Gehalten in der ⦠Reconciled Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing changes to mechanics, resulting from analysis based on empirical evidence that the speed of light is independent of the motion of the observer. After his first public lecture, he met the emperor and empress at the Imperial Palace, where thousands came to watch. Chaplin said Einstein's outward persona, calm and gentle, seemed to conceal a "highly emotional temperament", from which came his "extraordinary intellectual energy". Einstein and Szilárd, along with other refugees such as Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner, "regarded it as their responsibility to alert Americans to the possibility that German scientists might win the race to build an atomic bomb, and to warn that Hitler would be more than willing to resort to such a weapon. She was the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. A., "Handling evidence in history: the case of Einstein's wife". [85] Membership in the academy included paid salary and professorship without teaching duties at Humboldt University of Berlin. "[258], Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music. What struck the examiner, writes Botstein, was that Einstein "displayed a deep love of the music, a quality that was and remains in short supply. In 1914, he was elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, where he remained for 19 years. [248], In 1926, Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd co-invented (and in 1930, patented) the Einstein refrigerator. "[152], Music took on a pivotal and permanent role in Einstein's life from that period on. So Einstein proposed that the path of a singular solution, like a black hole, would be determined to be a geodesic from general relativity itself. The American is friendly, self-confident, optimistic, and without envy. [162], Einstein was deeply impressed by Mahatma Gandhi, with whom he exchanged written letters. [26], At age 13, when he had become more seriously interested in philosophy (and music),[27] Einstein was introduced to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, and Kant became his favorite philosopher, his tutor stating: "At the time he was still a child, only thirteen years old, yet Kant's works, incomprehensible to ordinary mortals, seemed to be clear to him. "[142] A resident of Princeton recalls that Einstein had once paid the college tuition for a black student.[141]. [102] Originally slated to serve as the Swiss delegate, Secretary-General Eric Drummond was persuaded by Catholic activists Oskar Halecki and Giuseppe Motta to instead have him become the German delegate, thus allowing Gonzague de Reynold to take the Swiss spot, from which he promoted traditionalist Catholic values. Chamber music had also become a regular part of his social life while living in Bern, Zürich, and Berlin, where he played with Max Planck and his son, among others. Albert Einstein publie son premier article scientifique en 1901, mais suite à ses recherches infructueuses de poste d'enseignant, il devient employé du Bureau des Brevets à Berneen 1902.Sa fille Lieserl naît à la fin de cette même année, puis il se ⦠"[94], In 1922, his travels took him to Asia and later to Palestine, as part of a six-month excursion and speaking tour, as he visited Singapore, Ceylon and Japan, where he gave a series of lectures to thousands of Japanese. In 1880, the family moved to Munich , where Einstein's father and his uncle Jakob founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie , a ⦠Although the court initially held that the Einstein rights had expired,[256] that ruling was immediately appealed, and the decision was later vacated in its entirety. In June 1913, the Entwurf ('draft') theory was the result of these investigations. [19] The loss forced the sale of the Munich factory. He said that "love is a better teacher than a sense of duty. "[245], Although Einstein was wrong about local realism, his clear prediction of the unusual properties of its opposite, entangled quantum states, has resulted in the EPR paper becoming among the top ten papers published in Physical Review. [29] On the advice of the principal of the polytechnic school, he attended the Argovian cantonal school (gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, in 1895 and 1896 to complete his secondary schooling. Albert Einstein, (born March 14, 1879, Ulm, Württemberg, Germanyâdied April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.), German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. [122], In October 1933, Einstein returned to the US and took up a position at the Institute for Advanced Study,[122][125] noted for having become a refuge for scientists fleeing Nazi Germany. [257], In the period before World War II, The New Yorker published a vignette in their "The Talk of the Town" feature saying that Einstein was so well known in America that he would be stopped on the street by people wanting him to explain "that theory". [173], On 17 April 1955, Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in 1948. Contrairement aux idées reçues, Albert était un ⦠In a letter to his sons, he described his impression of the Japanese as being modest, intelligent, considerate, and having a true feel for art. [110][111], While at American universities in early 1933, he undertook his third two-month visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. [141], In 1946 Einstein visited Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, a historically black college, where he was awarded an honorary degree. (Gehalten in der physikal. As observational evidence for a dynamic universe was not known at the time, Einstein introduced a new term, the cosmological constant, to the field equations, in order to allow the theory to predict a static universe. ", Albert Einstein's "God Letter" fetches US$2,400,000 at Christie's New York auction house on 4 December 2018, This page was last edited on 30 January 2021, at 05:43. The effect of density fluctuations is that light of all wavelengths is scattered, making the fluid look milky white. Cette photo a été prise le jour de ses 72 ans. Einstein is ⦠His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.[194]. Thus, the theoretical prediction of general relativity could for the first time be tested experimentally.[203]. [25] Einstein started teaching himself calculus at 12, and as a 14-year-old he says he had "mastered integral and differential calculus". In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in Physikalische Zeitschrift that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser. The numbers matched nicely. Bruria Kaufman, his assistant, later became a physicist. Top 10 Talent Recommended for you During one reception, the building was stormed by people who wanted to see and hear him. No interpretation no matter how subtle can (for me) change this. As Einstein later said, the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within special relativity was unsatisfactory, while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion (even accelerated ones) should appear more satisfactory. Albert Einstein lahir di Ulm, Kerajaan Württemberg, Kekaisaran Jerman, pada tanggal 14 Maret 1879. [9] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect",[10] a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. British historian Martin Gilbert notes that Churchill responded immediately, and sent his friend, physicist Frederick Lindemann, to Germany to seek out Jewish scientists and place them in British universities. [10], "Einstein" redirects here. [74], In 1900, Einstein's paper "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen" ("Conclusions from the Capillarity Phenomena") was published in the journal Annalen der Physik. Celebrating Einstein "Solid Cold". Son père, un ingénieur, sera notamment le fondateur dâune compagnie produisant des équipements électriques utilisant le courant continu. [249] On 11 November 1930, U.S. Patent 1,781,541 was awarded to Einstein and Leó Szilárd for the refrigerator. Lincoln was the first university in the United States to grant college degrees to African Americans; alumni include Langston Hughes and Thurgood Marshall. [50], Einstein married Elsa Löwenthal in 1919,[51][52] after having a relationship with her since 1912. Physiker, 1879-1955. [21][22], Einstein always excelled at math and physics from a young age, reaching a mathematical level years ahead of his peers. "[176] He died in Princeton Hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end. [90] In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". Sous cet air malicieux, découvre qui ⦠He spoke about a "misguided love" and a "missed life" regarding his love for Marie. In a series of works completed from 1911 to 1913, Planck reformulated his 1900 quantum theory and introduced the idea of zero-point energy in his "second quantum theory". ", "Dark Side of Einstein Emerges in His Letters", "Einstein Works Out Details of His 1919 Divorce from Mileva Marić", "GENIUS ALBERT EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF INFIDELITY", "Getting up close and personal with Einstein", "New letters shed light on Einstein's love life", "Albert Einstein may have had the IQ, but he needed to work on his EQ", "Einstein Had No Clue His Lover Was a Suspected Russian Spy", "Einstein's letters show affair with spy", "10 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About Einstein", "Associate Professor at the University of Zurich und professor in Prague (1909–1912)", "Von imperialer Inklusion zur nationalen Exklusion:Staatsbürgerschaft in Österreich- Ungarn 1867–1923", "Professor at the ETH Zurich (1912–1914)", "Einstein's travel diaries reveal 'shocking' xenophobia", "Einstein's Travel Diaries Reveal His Deeply Troubling Views on Race". The existence of gravitational waves is possible under general relativity due to its Lorentz invariance which brings the concept of a finite speed of propagation of the physical interactions of gravity with it. Soon after publishing his work on special relativity, Einstein began working to extend the theory to gravitational fields; he then published a paper on general relativity in 1916, introducing his theory of gravitation. ", "The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument in Quantum Theory", "The migration of physicists to the United States", Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, "The Scientist as Moral Authority: Albert Einstein between Elitism and Democracy, 1914–1933", "On Albert Einstein by Robert Oppenheimer", Einstein's Personal Correspondence: Religion, Politics, The Holocaust, and Philosophy, Federal Bureau of Investigation file on Albert Einstein, "MIT OpenCourseWare STS.042J/8.225J: Einstein, Oppenheimer, Feynman: Physics in the 20th century", Albert Einstein Archives Online (80,000+ Documents), Einstein's declaration of intention for American citizenship, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein "Digital Einstein", 16 May 1953 letter to William Frauenglass, Newspaper clippings about Albert Einstein, Beit Hatfutsot-The Museum of the Jewish People, "Einstein's "I don't believe in God" letter has sold on eBay...", Einstein's 'God Letter' fetches $3.9 million at New York auction, Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement, Relativity: The Special and the General Theory, Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie, List of things named after Albert Einstein, Relationship between religion and science, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Einstein&oldid=1003688964, Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925), Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences, Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy, Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States, Mathematicians involved with Mathematische Annalen, Members of the American Philosophical Society, Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences, Naturalized citizens of the United States, People associated with the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class), Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light", Resolved an unsolved puzzle by suggesting that energy is exchanged only in discrete amounts (, "On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat", "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". Although the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner Second Class in 1906, he had not given up on academia. General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to identify the conserved energy and momentum. Il contribue largement au développement de la mécanique quantique et de la cosmologie, et reçoit le prix Nobel de physique de 1921 pour son explication de leffet photoélectrique2. La fin dâun canular, Correspondance entre Albert Einstein et Max Born, Fichier dâautorité international virtuel, Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale, Répertoire international des sources musicales, Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé, Le centenaire des travaux dâAlbert Einstein- Bibliographie dâouvrages sur lâÅuvre dâAlbert Einstein, ministère de lâEnseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, Introduction à la relativité générale, Mathématiques de la relativité générale, Ãquation de HamiltonâJacobiâEinstein, Critiques de la théorie de la relativité, Tests expérimentaux de la relativité générale, Portail de la culture juive et du judaïsme, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Einstein&oldid=178832297, Personnalité du Parti démocrate allemand, Ãtudiant de l'Ãcole polytechnique fédérale de Zurich, Enseignant à l'Ãcole polytechnique fédérale de Zurich, Professeur à l'université Humboldt de Berlin, Professeur à l'université Charles de Prague, Docteur honoris causa de l'université de Princeton, Docteur honoris causa de l'université de Genève, Docteur honoris causa de l'université hébraïque de Jérusalem, Docteur honoris causa de l'université Yeshiva, Docteur honoris causa de l'université nationale principale de San Marcos, Docteur honoris causa de l'Ãcole polytechnique fédérale de Zurich, Lauréat de la médaille d'or de la Royal Astronomical Society, Membre de l'Académie royale des sciences de Prusse, Membre de l'Académie royale néerlandaise des arts et des sciences, Membre de l'Académie allemande des sciences Leopoldina, Membre de l'Académie des sciences de Göttingen, Membre de l'Académie américaine des arts et des sciences, Membre étranger de l'Académie des sciences de Russie, Récipiendaire de la croix Pour le Mérite (ordre civil), Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la recherche, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à l'audiovisuel, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la musique, Page pointant vers des bases relatives aux beaux-arts, Page pointant vers des bases relatives au spectacle, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la littérature, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la santé, Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la bande dessinée, Portail:Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers/Articles liés, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Sciences, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Culture et arts, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Entreprises, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, le premier article, publié en mars, expose un point de vue révolutionnaire sur la, deux mois plus tard, en mai, Einstein fait publier un deuxième article sur le, le troisième article est encore plus important, car il représente la rupture intuitive dâEinstein avec la, le dernier article, publié en septembre, donne au titre. [75][76] On 30 April 1905, Einstein completed his thesis,[77] with Alfred Kleiner, Professor of Experimental Physics, serving as pro-forma advisor. [234] It was not until 1995 that the first such condensate was produced experimentally by Eric Allin Cornell and Carl Wieman using ultra-cooling equipment built at the NIST–JILA laboratory at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Geburtstag von Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn, Max von Laue, Lise Meitner in der Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin, vom 1. Wann starb Albert Einstein? : CV-10-3790-AB (JCx)", "9 Albert Einstein Quotes That Are Completely Fake", "Did Albert Einstein Humiliate an Atheist Professor? At the age of eight, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium (now known as the Albert Einstein Gymnasium), where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left the German Empire seven years later. Einstein suggested to Erwin Schrödinger that he might be able to reproduce the statistics of a Bose–Einstein gas by considering a box. This idea only became universally accepted in 1919, with Robert Millikan's detailed experiments on the photoelectric effect, and with the measurement of Compton scattering. Author of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 3: The Swiss Years, Dear Professor Einstein, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 15 : The Berlin Years, Illuminated Geometry, Sobre la teoría de la relatividad y otras aportaciones científicas, La evolución de la física, The Impact of modern scientific ideas on ⦠[186], In 1907, Einstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator. [112] The Nazis later sold his boat and converted his cottage into a Hitler Youth camp. Hist. In that article titled "On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It", he argued that free fall is really inertial motion, and that for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply. [71], Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical–mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time. März-12. He was invited to teach theoretical physics at the University of Bern in 1908 and the following year moved to the University of Zurich, then in 1911 to Charles University in Prague before returning to ETH (the newly renamed Federal Polytechnic School) in Zürich in 1912. März-12. Einstein's dream of unifying other laws of physics with gravity motivates modern quests for a theory of everything and in particular string theory, where geometrical fields emerge in a unified quantum-mechanical setting. Exact Sci. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. [153][154], In 1931, while engaged in research at the California Institute of Technology, he visited the Zoellner family conservatory in Los Angeles, where he played some of Beethoven and Mozart's works with members of the Zoellner Quartet. Geburtstag von Max Born.] Specializing in physics and mathematics, he received his academic teaching diploma from the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zürich in 1900. Geburtstag Am Michelson-Haus im Wissenschaftspark "Albert Einstein" auf dem Telegrafenberg, Postdam Tech. [244], Given Einstein's concept of local realism, there were two possibilities: (1) either the other particle had these properties already determined, or (2) the process of measuring the first particle instantaneously affected the reality of the position and momentum of the second particle. Einstein est né le 14 mars 1879 à Ulm, en Allemagne, une ville qui compte aujourd'hui un peu plus de 120 000 habitants. The accelerating universe", "A Century Ago, Einstein's Theory of Relativity Changed Everything", "The Forgotten Life of Einstein's First Wife", "Did Einstein Espouse his Spouse's Ideas?
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