Fred Halliday, 17 July 2009", "Rentier state and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution", Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis' Triumph and Tragedy, America's secret engagement with Khomeini, US had extensive contact with Ayatollah Khomeini before Iran revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_Revolution&oldid=1014892686, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Unpopular disregard for Islamic tradition exemplified in his 1976 change from an Islamic calendar to an Imperial calendar, marking the beginning of the reign of, Extravagance, corruption and elitism (both real and perceived) of the Shah's policies and of his. Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, is a momentous development in the modern history of Islam. of his infamous backing of the Consortium agreement (re-privatizing Iranian oil in 1954) and was widely criticized by the Tudeh Party as spreading anti-communist propaganda; as a result he was widely perceived as being an American puppet. A short, sharp period of economic contraction and decline in 1977–78 following a considerable period of economic growth, that according to scholar of revolutions Crane Brinton creates disappointment much greater "than if people had been left in poverty all along"; Bottlenecks, shortages and inflation that were followed by austerity measures, attacks on alleged price gougers and black-markets, that angered both the, His antagonization of formerly apolitical Iranians, especially merchants of the bazaars, with the creation of a, Underestimation of the strength of the opposition – particularly religious opposition – and the failure to offer either enough, Failure to prepare and train security forces for dealing with protest and demonstration, failure to employ non-lethal crowd control tactics. [17] Such rule would protect Islam from deviation from traditional sharia law, and in so doing eliminate poverty, injustice, and the "plundering" of Muslim land by foreign unbelievers. Cost was officially $40 million but estimated to be more in the range of $100–120 million. The goal of the revolution is to change the social system. The founder of the dynasty, army general Reza Shah Pahlavi, replaced Islamic laws with western ones, and forbade traditional Islamic clothing, separation of the sexes and veiling of women (hijab). To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. In November 1964, Khomeini was re-arrested and sent into exile, where he remained for 14 years until the revolution. Significance of Iranian revolution in affecting Gulf international politics The Iranian Revolution which took place in 1979 was intended to restructure not just the society of Iran but the political systems of the Islamic world at large. rebecaf4. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Its causes — why the Shah ( Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ) was overthrown and why he was replaced by an Islamic Republic — are a subject of historical debate. [12] Khomeini was detained and kept under house arrest for 8 months. Iran from Royal Dictatorship to Theocracy. . To some the incident demonstrated that the Shia ulama were "Iran's first line of defense" against colonialism.[3]. Speeches by the leaders of these groups were placed on audio cassettes to be smuggled into Iran. Several events in the 1970s set the stage for the 1979 revolution: In October 1971, the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire was held at the site of Persepolis. [39], In 1977 a new American president, Jimmy Carter, was inaugurated. The Iranian Revolution. Terms in this set (7) Cause. The British control of the oil was already precarious given their withdrawal of forces “east of Suez” in the beginning of the 1970s. in the northern part of Iran. Write. "[53], Another historian noted the revolution was "unique in the annals of modern world history in that it brought to power not a new social group equipped with political parties and secular ideologies, but a traditional clergy armed with mosque pulpits and claiming the divine right to supervise all temporal authorities, even the country's highest elected representatives."[54]. [41] Later that year a dissent group (the Writers' Association) gathered without the customary police break-up and arrests, starting a new era of political action by the Shah's opponents. 2481 Words10 Pages. Hiro, Dilip. In this video, Professor Abbas Milani discusses Iran and the Iranian Revolution, noting the influence of Iran regionally and in the United States, the significance and impact of the Iranian Revolution, and the Iranian Revolution’s causes and effects. New York : Greenwood Press, Inc. , 1989.p.74-79, invasion of allied British and Soviet troops, Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist, Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization, 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire, http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Iran_const_1906.doc, Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII, "Imam Khomeini (and clerics) leadership, Islamic Revolution", The Last Great Revolution Turmoil and Transformation in Iran, Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Importance of Islamic Government, "Staying the Course: the "Lebanonization" of Hizbullah - Lebanon - Al Mashriq", Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Why Islamic Government has not been established, "Ideology, Culture, and Ambiguity: The Revolutionary Process in Iran", "Iran's tide of history: counter-revolution and after. Without these autonomous sources of support and sustenance, successful resistance against the modern political and economic power holders would’ve been impossible. [36], In 1976, the Shah's government angered pious Iranian Muslims by changing the first year of the Iranian solar calendar from the Islamic hijri to the ascension to the throne by Cyrus the Great. (Persian: نه شرقی نه غربی جمهوری اسلامی), To replace the shah's regime Khomeini developed the ideology of velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist) as government, postulating that Muslims – in fact everyone – required "guardianship," in the form of rule or supervision by the leading Islamic jurist or jurists. Bazaars also enjoyed ties with more modern sectors of Iranian society as many Iranian university students were from the merchant class. The Shah himself was very interested in involving the United States in Despite having a reformist ideology, Amini did not gain popular support from In November 1977, as the shah ingratiated himself with Jimmy Carter, liberals were in retreat. As such a very "traditional" part of Iranian life could forge a very modern-looking revolutionary movement. Iranian Revolution - Iranian Revolution - Aftermath: On April 1, following overwhelming support in a national referendum, Khomeini declared Iran an Islamic republic. Causes and Effects of Iranian Revolution. Publicly, Khomeini focused more on the socio-economic problems of the shah's regime (corruption, unequal income and developmental issues),[21] not his solution of rule by Islamic jurists. In 1958, the US unsuccessfully attempted to replace the Shah with Iran’s chief of staff, a reform orientated politician, [72] But this does not explain why "there was very little oppositional activity" in the recession of 1975–76 when unemployment and inflation were at similar levels to those of 1978. Nafisi, Azar. To learn more, view our, Understanding the Islamic Republic of Iran's 38 Years of Survival Since the Revolution, The Islamic Republic of Iran, (IRI) MILITARY THREAT ASSESSMENT, ARMED FORCES OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN, Grand strategic adjustments in post-revolutionary Iran: A neoclassical realist account, Military Political Economic Structure Of Iran 2013. Match. ... Iranian Revolution: Causes, Events, and Effects. [116] Kurzman also argues that the mourning rituals in Iran had been a political act only once before. Charles Kurzman, author of The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran [114] has postulated that the explanations offered by observers for why the revolution occurred "are only partially valid," and that "the closer we listen to the people who made the revolution - the more anomalies we find." The Shah responded by granting amnesty to 357 political prisoners in February, and allowing Red Cross to visit prisons, beginning what is said to be 'a trend of liberalization by the Shah'. The revolution first emerged during the late 1950's and early 1960's and raised the credibility of geography. On the other hand, the United States Through the late spring, summer and autumn, liberal opposition formed organizations and issued open letters denouncing the regime. By late 1974 the oil boom had begun to produce not "the Great Civilization" promised by the Shah, but an "alarming" increase in inflation and waste and an "accelerating gap" between the rich and poor, the city and the country. Shi'a Islam embodies substantial symbolic content to inspire resistance against unjust rule and to justify religious leaders as alternative to secular authority. Muslim revolutionaries look to the birth of Islam as their model, and see themselves as engaged in a struggle against paganism, oppression, and empire. Efforts toward satisfactory reform were continually stifled, however, amid reemerging … New York : Greenwood Press, Inc., 1989. p. 52, Amjad, Mohammed. widespread corruption in Iranian government and began reducing its financial assistance to Iran. The Iranian Revolution was a populist, nationalist and Shi'a Islamic revolution that replaced an ancient monarchy with a theocracy based on "Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists" (or velayat-e faqih). The Iranian Revolution is the only modern revolution which was deliberately and coherently fomented by a revolutionary movement consisting of different social classes united under the leadership of a senior Shia cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Iran: Religious Elements of the 1979 Islamic Revolution September 30, 2013 This case study investigates the social, economic, and political dynamics of 1970s Iran that led the Iranian people to accept, and then maintain, religion as the basis of a new political system after deposing Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1979. Shadow of the revolution. Cultural and religious conservatives, many of whom were predisposed to view the Shah's secularism and Westernization as "alien and wicked",[38] went on to form the core of the revolution's demonstrators and "martyrs". Although they played an important part in the chaos of 1978 before the overthrow of the regime, they had been weakened considerably by government repression and factionalization in the first half of the 1970s. Explanations advanced for why the revolution happened and took the form it did include policies and actions of the Shah, in addition to the mistakes and successes of a myriad different political forces: Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union long competed with each other for the domination of Iran. New York : Greenwood Press, Inc., 1989. p. 74, Amjad, Mohammed. [119] However, Tocqeueville’s other idea that "when a people which has put up with an oppressive rule over a long period without protest suddenly finds the government relaxing its pressure, it takes up arms against it"[72] would seem to solve this anomaly. Khomeini’s message and appeal spread through existing networks of social links with the urban life and gradually resonated with the majority who saw Shah as being subservient to foreign powers instead of the indigenous demands of his own people. liberalization policies to gain US support once again and resolve the crises of the state. The Combatant Clergy Association comprised Morteza Motahhari, Mohammad Beheshti, Mohammad-Javad Bahonar, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Mohammad Mofatteh, who later became the major leaders of the Islamic Republic. By the mid-20th century, the world had seen a number of revolutions. "[120], Another author, Moojan Momen, questions whether Carter "could have said or done" anything to save the Shah – aside from foregoing his human rights policy – since "any direct interference by America would only have increased resentment" against the pro-American Shah. He also emphasizes the fight for democracy throughout Iran’s history of revolutions and today. The Iranian Revolution of 1979, as all historical revolutions, did not happen in a day. Before the Iranian Revolution, the U.S. had gained extensive control over Iran by propelling Mohammad Reza Shah to a hegemonic power over Mohammad Mossadegh, a charismatic Iranian Premier.2 Mossadegh nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1951, a … The clergy first showed themselves to be a powerful political force in opposition to Iran's monarch with the 1891 Tobacco Protest boycott that effectively destroyed an unpopular concession granted by the shah giving a British company a monopoly over buying and selling Tobacco in Iran. [95] 2. from Amini to him. Therefore in 1961, the Shah, with some pressure from the The Islamist group that ultimately prevailed contained the core supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini. Added to this religious opposition were secular and Islamic modernist students and guerrilla groups[25] He believed a propaganda campaign by Western imperialists had prejudiced most Iranians against theocratic rule.[22][23]. Religion and specifically Shi’ite Islam was the main cause of the Iranian Revolution, as it was the tool that Ayatollah Khoimeini used to mobilise the masses and to … Skocpol argued that the revolution diverges from past revolutions in three distinct ways: The revolution’s success was arguably dependent on the sustained extraordinary efforts by the urban Iranians to wear down and undermine the regime. Theda Skocpol, an American sociologist specializing in the study of social revolutions, proposed an unprecedented cultural theory to account for the unique aspects of the Iranian Revolution, which she admitted falsified her past history-based theories on causes of social revolutions. Last year, the Iranian Revolution of 1979 marked its 40th anniversary. More in Society. In this video, Professor Abbas Milani discusses Iran and the Iranian Revolution, noting the influence of Iran regionally and in the United States, the significance and impact of the Iranian Revolution, and the Iranian Revolution’s causes and effects. ], Amjad, Mohammed. In some of its basic characteristics, the revolution did not conform to the usual norms of Western revolutions, because the state did not represent just an ordinary dictatorship but an absolute and arbitrary system that lacked political legitimacy and a social base virtually across the … The Iranian revolution expresses itself in the language of Islam, that is to say, as a democratic movement with a religious leadership, a religiously formulated critique of the old order, and religiously expressed plans for the new. Bazaars in particular became centers of associational life, with Islamic groups and occasions tying people together through clerics' interpreting Islamic laws to settle commercial disputes and taxing the well-to-do to provide welfare for devout poorer followers. Elements within the clergy promptly moved to exclude their former left-wing, nationalist, and intellectual allies from any positions of power in the new regime, and a return to conservative social values was enforced. Kurzman points out that one explanation for the Shah's overthrow - the 40-day (Arba'een) cycle of commemorating deaths of protesters - "came to a halt" on June 17, 1978, a half year before the revolution's culmination. Based in the urban middle class, this was a section of the population that was fairly secular and wanted the Shah to adhere to the Iranian Constitution of 1906 rather than religious rule. of struggle with economic dilemmas, popular distrust and the Shah trying to convince Kennedy to shift his support A newly established Islamic Republic refused to align with the United States or Soviet Union during the cold war. Flashcards. In 1935 a rebellion by pious Shi'a at the shrine of Imam Reza in Mashhad was crushed on his orders with dozens killed and hundreds injured,[6] rupturing relations between the Shah and pious Shia in Iran.[7][8]. [51][52] As one observer put it: Khomeini declared that the Shah had "embarked on the destruction of Islam in Iran"[11] and publicly denounced the Shah as a "wretched miserable man." and the Soviet Union were mainly interested in the logistically important location of Iran and wanted an oil concession A subsequent memorial service for Mostafa in Tehran put Khomeini back in the spotlight and began the process of building Khomeini into the leading opponent of the Shah. Policies of the American government: long term policies created an image of the Shah as an American "puppet" with their high profile and the 1953 subversion of the government on his behalf while short-term policies proved as a catalyst to the revolution by pressuring the Shah to liberalize; and then finally the possible heightening of the radicalism of the revolution by failing to read its nature accurately (particularly the goals of Khomeini), or to clearly respond to it. Khomeini, who was in exile in Iraq, worked to unite clerical and secular, liberal and radical opposition under his leadership[27] by avoiding specifics – at least in public – that might divide the factions.[28]. Waning support for the shah among Western politicians and media—especially under the administration of U.S. President, Alleged treachery of the Americans and other foreigners. Although it was very undesirable for Shah to introduce another round of liberalization policies, the The various anti-Shah groups operated from outside Iran, mostly in London, France, Iraq, and Turkey. The 1979 revolution, which brought together Iranians across many different social groups, has its roots in Iran’s long history. Gravity. The Economic crisis had been, up to that point, the leading cause of revolutions and Iran had been enjoying relative economic prosperity. His son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was installed by the allies as monarch. The festivities included over one ton of caviar, and preparation by some two hundred chefs flown in from Paris. Constitutionalist, Marxist, and Islamist groups opposed the Shah: The very first signs of opposition in 1977 came from Iranian constitutionalist liberals. [18] Establishing and obeying this Islamic government was "actually an expression of obedience to God", ultimately "more necessary even than prayer and fasting" in Islam,[19] and a commandment for all the world, not one confined to Iran.[20]. . Though the cause appeared to be a heart attack, anti-Shah groups blamed SAVAK poisoning and proclaimed him a 'martyr.' People in Iran were not satisfied with the current rule. Mossadegh is remembered in Iran for having been voted into power through a democratic election, nationalizing Iran's British-owned oil fields, and being deposed in a military coup d'état organized by an American CIA operative and aided by the British MI6. Created by. Its causes continue to be the subject of historical debate and are believed to have stemmed partly from a conservative backlash opposing the westernization, modernization and secularization efforts of the Western-backed Shah,[1] as well as from a more popular reaction to social injustice and other shortcomings of the ancien régime. who admired Khomeini's history of resistance, though they would clash with his theocracy and be suppressed by his movement after the revolution. Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism ©2005, 312 pages Cloth $60.00 ISBN: 0-226-00785-5 Paper $24.00 ISBN: 0-226-00786-3 For information on purchasing the book—from bookstores or here online—please go to the webpage for Foucault and the Iranian Revolution. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. The story of Husayn's just revolt against the usurper caliph, Yazid I, and his eventual martyrdom, as well as the belief in the Islamic Messiah, Muhammad al-Mahdi, who clerics claim to represent during his Occultation, were particularly influential in victory of the revolution. Moderate religious leaders such as Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari called for calm and a stay-at-home strike, which prevented more casualties to commemorate 40 days later. Aria by Nazanine Hozar review – coming of age in divided Tehran. His failure to cultivate supporters in the Shi'a religious leadership to counter Khomeini's campaign against him. have helped shatter the old regime. As a result of the Iranian Revolution, Iran became an Islamic Republic. Britain maintained its control of the Iranian oil industry for a long time using its alliance with power blocs, landlords As the Shah realized how dependent his government and the Iranian economy was on the US, he decided to liberalize his policies. Iran from Royal Dictatorship to Theocracy. As early as the late 1950s the US was fed up with the Kurzman points out that "even as the shah arrived in Washington" for a state visit in late 1977, "his regime's partial tolerance of oppositional activity was disappearing. Could we have said in early 1977 that because Iranian culture includes a forty-day mourning cycle, the country was more likely than other countries to undergo a revolution? It was these tensions between Shi’ite Islam and the government which were so significant in causing the Iranian Revolution. Kennedy administration, opted for Ali Amini group, which had no popular base, but full US support and a clear reform program. and reduce the size and influence of the Army. The paralyzing crisis of the state made the Shah concerned about the [43][44], The Iranian Revolution had a number of unique and significant characteristics. [26] Prominent in it was Mehdi Bazargan and his liberal, moderate Islamic group Freedom Movement of Iran, and the more secular National Front. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Inflation morphed into a black market and business activity declined. [29] The guerillas aim was to defeat the Pahlavi regime by assassination and guerilla war. Indeed, a point often overlooked or misunderstood in the West is that for Iran’s leaders, the creation of an Islamic state in Iran was a first step to …
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