The early works, The Birth of Tragedy and the four Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen (1873; Untimely Meditations), are dominated by a Romantic perspective influenced by Schopenhauer and Wagner. 2004. On his 44th birthday, after completing Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist, he decided to write the autobiography Ecce Homo. [110] Langbehn assumed progressively greater control of Nietzsche until his secretiveness discredited him. He describes primordial unity as the increase of strength, the experience of fullness and plenitude bestowed by frenzy. His attempts to unmask the motives that underlie traditional Western religion, morality, and philosophy deeply affected generations of intellects. [276], W.B. Overbeck was dismissed and Gast finally co-operated. Charity, humility, and obedience replaced competition, pride, and autonomy. He also contracted diphtheria and dysentery. [134] He wore a signet ring bearing the Radwan coat of arms, traceable back to Polish nobility of medieval times[135] and the surname "Nicki" of the Polish noble (szlachta) family bearing that coat of arms. 105–12 in, Leonard Sax, "What was the cause of Nietzsche's dementia? Thomas Mann's novel Death in Venice[296] shows a use of Apollonian and Dionysian, and in Doctor Faustus Nietzsche was a central source for the character of Adrian Leverkühn. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (/ˈniːtʃə, ˈniːtʃi/;[32] German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə] (listen) or [ˈniːtsʃə];[33][34] 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, writer, and philologist whose work has exerted a profound influence on modern intellectual history. 13. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1887 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1888b (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1961 (, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. In the years after Nietzsche's death in 1900, his works became better known, and readers have responded to them in complex and sometimes controversial ways. [116][117] Leonard Sax suggested the slow growth of a right-sided retro-orbital meningioma as an explanation of Nietzsche's dementia;[118] Orth and Trimble postulated frontotemporal dementia[119] while other researchers have proposed a hereditary stroke disorder called CADASIL. [78][79] On returning to Basel in 1870, Nietzsche observed the establishment of the German Empire and Otto von Bismarck's subsequent policies as an outsider and with a degree of skepticism regarding their genuineness. (For example, Elisabeth removed aphorism 35 of The Antichrist, where Nietzsche rewrote a passage of the Bible.) Biographical timeline of events in Nietzsche's life. The overman does not follow the morality of common people since that favors mediocrity but rises above the notion of good and evil and above the "herd". The Wagners brought Nietzsche into their most intimate circle—including Franz Liszt, of whom Nietzsche colloquially described: "Liszt or the art of running after women! ", Walter Kaufmann, intr. ", The initial form of morality was set by a warrior aristocracy and other ruling castes of ancient civilizations. His friend and secretary Gast gave his funeral oration, proclaiming: "Holy be your name to all future generations! He likely suffered from clinical hemiparesis/hemiplegia on the left side of his body by 1899. 1987. Since his childhood, various disruptive illnesses had plagued him, including moments of shortsightedness that left him nearly blind, migraine headaches, and violent indigestion. Nietzsche’s writings fall into three well-defined periods. Nietzsche argued that the idea of equality allowed slaves to overcome their own conditions without despising themselves. "[152][153], Köhler's views have not found wide acceptance among Nietzsche scholars and commentators. Nietzsche’s perspectivism has sometimes been mistakenly identified with relativism and skepticism. Whitlock, G. 1996. Nietzsche stood at the beginning of his most productive period. [93] In 1883, while staying in Nice, he was writing out his own prescriptions for the sedative chloral hydrate, signing them "Dr. He associated slave morality with the Jewish and Christian traditions, as it is born out of the ressentiment of slaves. Humanity still has no goal." [52] At Schulpforta, Nietzsche received an important grounding in languages—Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and French—so as to be able to read important primary sources;[55] he also experienced for the first time being away from his family life in a small-town conservative environment. [69], With Ritschl's support, Nietzsche received a remarkable offer, in 1869, to become a professor of classical philology at the University of Basel in Switzerland. By that time Nietzsche appeared fully in the grip of a serious mental illness,[108] and his mother Franziska decided to transfer him to a clinic in Jena under the direction of Otto Binswanger. In his opinion, some people would be able to become superior individuals through the use of will power. Nonetheless, it raises the question of how one is to understand Nietzsche’s own theses, for example, that the dominant values of the common heritage have been underwritten by an ascetic ideal. However, in March 1868, while jumping into the saddle of his horse, Nietzsche struck his chest against the pommel and tore two muscles in his left side, leaving him exhausted and unable to walk for months. [325] Sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies read Nietzsche avidly from his early life, and later frequently discussed many of his concepts in his own works. Was bürgt uns dafür, dass es seinen Namen nicht noch einmal Nietzsche had already met Richard Wagner in Leipzig in 1868 and later Wagner's wife, Cosima. "[314], Nietzsche's growing prominence suffered a severe setback when his works became closely associated with Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany. [1987] 1988. Although Nietzsche had previously announced at the end of On the Genealogy of Morality a new work with the title The Will to Power: Attempt at a Revaluation of All Values, he seems to have abandoned this idea and, instead, used some of the draft passages to compose Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist in 1888.[100]. Nietzsche Summary. [254] The essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson had a profound influence on Nietzsche, who "loved Emerson from first to last",[255] wrote "Never have I felt so much at home in a book", and called him "[the] author who has been richest in ideas in this century so far". [99] He also exchanged letters with Hippolyte Taine and Georg Brandes. [84] He subsequently transcribed and proofread the galleys for almost all of Nietzsche's work. In fact, interest in Nietzsche's thought did increase at this time, if rather slowly and hardly perceptibly to him. [278][279][280] A similar notion was espoused by W.H. Let you will say: the overman shall be the meaning of the earth ... Man is a rope, tied between beast and overman—a rope over an abyss ... what is great in man is that he is a bridge and not an end. He became acquainted with the work of the then almost-unknown poet Friedrich Hölderlin, calling him "my favorite poet" and composing an essay in which he said that the mad poet raised consciousness to "the most sublime ideality". [194][195] He called himself an "immoralist" and harshly criticized the prominent moral philosophies of his day: Christianity, Kantianism, and utilitarianism. In presenting his theory of human behavior, Nietzsche also addressed and attacked concepts from philosophies then popularly embraced, such as Schopenhauer's notion of an aimless will or that of utilitarianism. C_TAW12_750-Deutsch Übungstest: SAP Certified Development Associate - ABAP with SAP NetWeaver 7.50 (C_TAW12_750 Deutsch Version) & C_TAW12_750-Deutsch Braindumps Prüfung, SAP C_TAW12_750-Deutsch gilt als eine der wichtigste und auch schwierige Prüfung, Wenn Sie unsere Produkte nicht wählen wollen, können Sie auch unsere C_TAW12_750-Deutsch kostenlose Demo für … He was regarded as one of the finest riders among his fellow recruits, and his officers predicted that he would soon reach the rank of captain. [300][301] The Dreyfus affair provided a contrasting example of his reception: the French antisemitic Right labelled the Jewish and leftist intellectuals who defended Alfred Dreyfus as "Nietzscheans". The willingness is more essential than the merit of the goal itself, according to Nietzsche. "[206], One such reaction to the loss of meaning is what Nietzsche called passive nihilism, which he recognized in the pessimistic philosophy of Schopenhauer. ", sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1888d (, Verrecchia, Anacleto. [111], In 1893, Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth returned from Nueva Germania in Paraguay following the suicide of her husband. [74][ii], Before moving to Basel, Nietzsche renounced his Prussian citizenship: for the rest of his life he remained officially stateless. [166] Both of these principles are meant to represent cognitive states that appear through art as the power of nature in man.[167]. He pointed out that what is common among different peoples is the act of esteeming, of creating values, even if the values are different from one person to the next. ", Nietzsche, Friedrich. In his polemic Philology of the Future, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff damped the book's reception and increased its notoriety. In 1881, when France occupied Tunisia, he planned to travel to Tunis to view Europe from the outside but later abandoned that idea, probably for health reasons. Friedrich Nietzsche, German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers. "Nietzsche's Quarrel With Euripides". Dod, Elmar, "Der unheimlichste Gast. Apollonian and Dionysian juxtapositions appear in the interplay of tragedy: the tragic hero of the drama, the main protagonist, struggles to make (Apollonian) order of his unjust and chaotic (Dionysian) fate, though he dies unfulfilled. He also began a friendship with Paul Rée who, in 1876, influenced him into dismissing the pessimism in his early writings. In February, they ordered a fifty-copy private edition of Nietzsche contra Wagner, but the publisher C. G. Naumann secretly printed one hundred. Nietzsche first proposed the idea of eternal return in a parable in Section 341 of The Gay Science, and also in the chapter "Of the Vision and the Riddle" in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, among other places. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The Nazis tried to incorporate the concept into their ideology. Alexander Nehamas writes in Nietzsche: Life as Literature of three ways of seeing the eternal recurrence: Nehamas concluded that, if individuals constitute themselves through their actions, they can only maintain themselves in their current state by living in a recurrence of past actions (Nehamas, 153). Mit frisch entdeckten Aufzeichnungen von Ida Overbeck neu ediert von, Constable, Marianne. Porter, James I. It extols reason and science, experiments with literary genres, and expresses Nietzsche’s emancipation from his earlier Romanticism and from Schopenhauer and Wagner. In 1885, he printed only 40 copies of the fourth part of Zarathustra and distributed a fraction of them among close friends, including Helene von Druskowitz. von Müller, Hans. Nietzsche's thought is the negation of the idea of a history of salvation. According to this view, our existence (action, suffering, willing, feeling) has no meaning: this 'in vain' is the nihilists' pathos—an inconsistency on the part of the nihilists. [71] To this day, Nietzsche is still among the youngest of the tenured Classics professors on record. He also found time to work on poems and musical compositions. [181][182], Among his critique of traditional philosophy of Kant, Descartes, and Plato in Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche attacked the thing in itself and cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") as unfalsifiable beliefs based on naive acceptance of previous notions and fallacies. After contracting pneumonia in mid-August 1900, he had another stroke during the night of 24–25 August and died at about noon on 25 August. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Leipzig University in March 1869, again with Ritschl's support. Nietzsche’s mature philosophy emerged after The Gay Science. Weber, for example, relied on Nietzsche's perspectivism by maintaining that objectivity is still possible—but only after a particular perspective, value, or end has been established. By 1882, Nietzsche was taking huge doses of opium, but he was still having trouble sleeping. [39] His body of work touched a wide range of topics, including art, philology, history, religion, tragedy, culture, and science, and drew early inspiration from figures such as philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer,[20] composer Richard Wagner,[20] and writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. [85] Gast was one of the very few friends Nietzsche allowed to criticize him. The doctrine of eternal recurrence, the basic conception of Thus Spoke Zarathustra, asks the question “How well disposed would a person have to become to himself and to life to crave nothing more fervently than the infinite repetition, without alteration, of each and every moment?” Presumably most people would, or should, find such a thought shattering because they should always find it possible to prefer the eternal repetition of their lives in an edited version rather than to crave nothing more fervently than the eternal recurrence of each of its horrors. Max Weber and Martin Heidegger absorbed it and made it their own. He spent many summers in Sils Maria near St. Moritz in Switzerland. NIETZSCHE. Between 1873 and 1876, he published four separate long essays: "David Strauss: the Confessor and the Writer", "On the Use and Abuse of History for Life", "Schopenhauer as Educator", and "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth". "Nietzsches Staatsangehörigkeit als Rechtsfrage. "[307] Israel Eldad, the ideological chief of the Stern Gang that fought the British in Palestine in the 1940s, wrote about Nietzsche in his underground newspaper and later translated most of Nietzsche's books into Hebrew. Salomé reports that he asked her to marry him on three separate occasions and that she refused, though the reliability of her reports of events is questionable. In Western philosophy, Nietzsche's writings have been described as a case of free revolutionary thought, that is, revolutionary in its structure and problems, although not tied to any revolutionary project. [136][137] Gotard Nietzsche, a member of the Nicki family, left Poland for Prussia. [168][169] For the audience of such drama, this tragedy allows them to sense what Nietzsche called the Primordial Unity, which revives Dionysian nature. Nietzsche's first philological publications appeared soon after. May, J. Rosenberg, Rorty, Richard. Born on 15 October 1844, Nietzsche grew up in the town of Röcken (now part of Lützen), near Leipzig, in the Prussian Province of Saxony. Reliable A1000-068 training materials bring you the best A1000-068 guide exam: Assessment: Foundations of IBM Blockchain Platform V2, IBM A1000-068 Lernressourcen Keine Sorge bei der Vorbereitung, Er würde die beste Garantie für die IBM A1000-068 Zertifizierungsprüfung sein, Unser Eliteteam aktualisiert ständig die neuesten Schulungsunterlagen zur IBM A1000-068-Prüfung, Wenn … For Nietzsche, a fundamental shift took place during human history from thinking in terms of "good and bad" toward "good and evil. Nietzsche's father died from a brain ailment in 1849; Ludwig Joseph died six months later at age two. At the beginning of 1888, Brandes delivered in Copenhagen one of the first lectures on Nietzsche's philosophy. [180] This view has acquired the name perspectivism. On 13 May, in Lucerne, when Nietzsche was alone with Salomé, he earnestly proposed marriage to her again, which she rejected. Heidegger interpreted the death of God with what he explained as the death of metaphysics. By examining the etymology of the German words gut (“good”), schlecht (“bad”), and böse (“evil”), Nietzsche maintained that the distinction between good and bad was originally descriptive, that is, a nonmoral reference to those who were privileged, the masters, as opposed to those who were base, the slaves. He concluded that metaphysics has reached its potential and that the ultimate fate and downfall of metaphysics was proclaimed with the statement "God is dead."[210]. If the favoured, the “good,” were powerful, it was said that the meek would inherit the earth. It shaped their philosophical and cultural endeavors, as well as their political understanding.