Qādesiya nomenclature can be found spread throughout the Middle East and beyond; an expanding database of examples is located online (DGL Notes, http://DGLnotes.com/notes/qadisiyyah3.htm). 453-62). Lawrence I. Conrad, “The Chain Topos,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 31, 2006, pp. 1538-57), provided more elaborate accounts. Januar: In Nordostarabien und Südmesopotamien: Vorbericht über die Forschungreise 1912,” Anzeiger der Philosophisch-Historischen Klasse der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften 127, January, 1913, pp. The Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah is therefore one of the most decisive battles in the history of humanity. The victory of Qadisiyyah heralded the downfall of the Sasanian Dynasty, paved the way for the conquest of Iraq and quickened Islamic expansion into Persia (Iran) and beyond. 413-14; tr. The battle of AlQadisiyyah represented the decisive battle in the military expansion of the Arabians. Ḵᵛāndamir, Taʾriḵ Ḥabib al-siar, ed. Carl Johan Tornberg, 13 vols, Beirut, 1965-68; vol. Idem, The Middle Euphrates: A Topographical Itinerary, New York, 1927. Yazdegerd III fled to Media, where his generals tried to organize new…, …in 636/637 the Battle of al-QādisÄ«yah on one of the Euphrates canals decided the fate of the empire. The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah , fought in 636, was a decisive battle between the Arab Muslim army and the Sassanid Persian army during the first period of Muslim expansion.It resulted in the Islamic conquest of Persia and was key to the conquest of Iraq, which was a Persian territory at that time. Abu Yusof Yaʿqub, Ketāb al-ḵarāj, ed. His capital, Ctesiphon, was occupied by the Arabs, and Yazdegerd fled into Media, where his generals unsuccessfully attempted to organize resistance. 41-59. Yet, although other non-Muslim sources (in Armenian, Georgian, Syriac, Greek, and Arabic) comment on Qādesiya, an exhaustive source review concluded that they provide little information, repeating, like the Muslim sources, common themes and topoi, but with a focus on ecclesiastical priorities (Lewental, pp. This article is the product of work that provided the basis for the choreographed demonstration game on the Society stand at Phalanx ‘97, St. Helens, Merseyside on 27th September, 1997. The movie is about the four days battle of qadisiyya between the Arab army under the command of Saad and the Persian army Andre the command of Rustum in the year 640 AD in Iraq The Arab victory over the army of Yazdegerd III (reigned 632–651) marked the end of his dynasty and the beginning of Arab and Islamic rule in Persia. 261-69. Idem, Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing, Princeton, 1998. Iranian nobleman and military commander, Rostam b. Farroḵ-Hormozd, was sent at the head of a large army to counter this threat of invasion. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. During the lifetime of Muslim Prophet Muhammad, Persia was ruled by Emperor Khosrau II, who waged a war against the Byzantine Empire to avenge the murder of Emperor Maurice. in 5, Tehran, 1934-36, IX, pp. 29-30. 384-86. Therefore, the Persian commander launched a full-scale general attack. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-al-Qadisiyyah, Encyclopaedia Iranica - Battle of Qadesiya. ©2021 Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Battle of Nahavand (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة نَهَاوَنْد ‎ MaÊ¿rakah Nahāwand, Persian: نبرد نهاوند ‎ Nabard-e Nahâvand), also spelled Nihavand or Nahawand, was fought in 642 between Arab Muslims and Sassanid armies. Yaʿqubi, Taʾriḵ, ed. Day 3 – 18 November 636 . ed., Tehran, 1991. ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Ebn Rajab, Beirut, 1979, pp. The battle of AlQadisiyyah is considered to be one of the most important events in the history of the Middle East of the VII century. The annals provide little specifics on the battle itself, focusing instead on heroic tales of fighters (e.g., ʿAmr b. Maʿdikareb and Abu Meḥjan Ṯaqafi) and tribes (e.g., Bajila and Tamim). The estimated population of the province is about a million and a half million people, according to the census of 2014. 2209-377. Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille as Les Prairies d’or, revised and corrected by Charles Pellat, 3 vols., Paris, 1962-71. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. by Phil Halewood and Carl Luxford. 195-214). Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, (636/637), battle fought near Al-Ḥīrah (in present-day Iraq) between forces of the Sāsānian dynasty and an invading Arab army. 2-19. Abu Manṣur Ṯaʿālebi, Ḡorar aḵbār moluk al-fors, ed. Idem, “‘Saddam’s Qadisiyyah’: Religion and History in the Service of State Ideology in Baʿthi Iraq,” Middle Eastern Studies, 50/6, November 2014 (forthcoming). The Battle of Qadisiyyah book. Robert W. Thomson, as The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos, 2 vols., Liverpool, 1999, I, pp. Ebn Ḵayyāṭ al-ʿOṣfori, Taʾriḵ Ḵalifa b. Ḵayyāṭ, ed. 100 Dinars (Battle of … 1170-76; tr. Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille, rev. FerdinandWüstenfeld, 6 vols., Leipzig, 1866-73, repr., Tehran, 1965, IV, passim, esp. Alois Musil, “Sitzung der philosophisch-historischen Klasse vom 8. Michael Bonner, as The Early Arabic Historical Tradition: A Source-critical Study, 2nd ed., Princeton, 1994. Laura Veccia Vagleri, “Ḳādisiyya,” in EI² IV, 1978, pp. Saad Fourth Day: Day of Al-Qadisiya يوم القادسية ِ Battle ends. 29, 31, 41, 142; tr. The Sassanid army invaded and captured Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia, and the True Cross was carried away in triumph. Sohayl Zakkār, 2 vols., Damascus, 1967-68 I, pp. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Jamšid Kiānfar, 15 vols., Tehran, 2001, vol. The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (Arabic: معركة القادسيّة‎; transliteration, Ma’rakat al-Qādisiyyah; Persian: نبرد قادسيه‎; alternative spellings: Qadisiyya, Qadisiyyah, Kadisiya), fought in 636, was the decisive engagement between the Arab Muslim army and the Sassanid Persian army during the … M. T. Houtsma, 2 vols., Leiden, 1883, I, p. 198; II, pp. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. Moṭahhar b. Ṭāher Maqdesi, Ketāb al-badʾ wa’l-taʾriḵ, ed. Although many scholars have proposed the years 636 or 637, Parvaneh Pourshariati has argued for an earlier chronology, based in part upon numismatic evidence that suggests a severe blow to Sasanian administration in 634 or 635 (Pourshariati, pp. It also marked the beginning of the end of the Sassanids, one of several great Persian dynasties that had ruled over much of southwest Asia for over a thousand years. His announcement of the general’s death triggered the total collapse of the Iranian army, leading to the deaths of thousands in a chaotic retreat and the capture of the Sasanian royal standard, the Derafš-e Kāviān. ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Zarrinkub, “The Arab Conquest of Iran and Its Aftermath,” in Richard N. Frye, ed., Cambridge History of Iran, IV, Cambridge, 1975, pp. new ed. Albrecht Noth, and Lawrence I. Conrad, Quellenkritische Studien zu Themen, Formen und Tendenzen frühislamischer Geschichtsüberlieferun, tr. Battle of Qadisiyyah, 636: Day 3, Phase 2. The Battle of Qadisiyah is one of the major decisive battles of world history. Moshe Sharon, “The Decisive Battles in the Arab Conquest of Syria,” Studia Orientalia 101, 2004, pp. Touraj Dayaee, Costa Mesa, Calif., 2002. The battle took place at a small settlement on the frontier of Sasanian Iraq. and tr., The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles, Liverpool, 1993, pp. Directed by Salah Abouseif. 292-302. 1778-89. QĀDESIYA, BATTLE OF, an engagement during the mid-630s CE in which Arab Muslim warriors overcame a larger Sasanian army and paved the way for their subsequent conquest of Iran. D. Gershon Lewental, “Qādisiyyah, Then and Now: A Case Study of History and Memory, Religion, and Nationalism in Middle Eastern Discourse,” Ph.D. See also. Thomas Sizgorich, Violence and Belief in Late Antiquity: Militant Devotion in Christianity and Islam, Philadelphia, 2009. The Battle of Qadisiyyah. The traditional account stresses the mission of Muslim envoys, who sought to convert the Persian camp to their new faith, in anecdotes that juxtapose the lavish wealth of the arrogant Iranians with the shabby and unkempt appearance of the pious Muslim soldiers. (British Library). 121-231) identified a few unique elements in the narrative: namely, the local geography, the illness and absence of Saʿd and the interconnected tale of Abu Meḥjan, the death of Rostam, and possibly the presence of elephants and the derafš at the battlefield. M. A. Shaʿban, Islamic History, A.D. 600-750 (A.H. 132): A New Interpretation, Cambridge, 1971. 152-53, 182, no. The victory of Qadisiyyah heralded the downfall of the Sasanian Dynasty, paved the way for the conquest of Iraq and quickened Islamic expansion into Persia (Iran) and beyond. The Battle of Qadisiya, fought near the namesake desert town in the barren waste of the southern Jezira, was the second of the battles of the Rashidun Caliphate and the first victory of Arab general Khalid ibn al Walid. The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah — 637 AD The beginning of the End for the House of Sassan. 7-9, 42-43. Battle of Qadisiyyah, 636: Day 3, Phase 1. Moḥammad-ʿAli Mowaḥḥed, as Safar-nāma-ye Ebn Baṭṭūṭa, 2 vols., Tehran, 1969; new rev. With Suad Husni, Ezzat El Alaili, Shada Salim, Laila Taher. 2209-377), and Masʿudi (d. 335/946; secs. Saʿid Nafīsi, 10 vols. 469-70. 98-99). 673 ff.) An Islamic organization which help people to understand the real Islam. He defeated the Persians at the final and decisive Battle of Neyna… D. Gershon Lewental, "QĀDESIYA, BATTLE OF," Encyclopædia Iranica Online, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qadesiya-battle (accessed on 21 July 2014). 108-23. Sebēos, Patmutʿiwn i Herakln, tr. Al-Qadisiyah Governorate (Arabic: القادسية ‎, romanized: Al Qādisiyah) is one of the governorates of Iraq.It is in the center-south of the country. The Persian empire rallied as many troops as possible in the hope of negating their challengers.It all … The battle is known to Muslims as the "Victory of Victories." Corrections? In modern times, the memory of Qādesiya underwent substantial manipulation at the hands of Ṣaddām Ḥosayn, who fashioned it into a paradigm of Iraqi-Iranian relations during the Iran-Iraq War (see IRAQ vii) termed Ṣaddām’s Qādesiya (Ar. Abu Ḥanifa Dinavari, Ketāb aḵbār al-ṭewāl, ed. and tr. The two forces waited several months at Qādesiya before engaging each other. ), Abu’l-Fedāʾ (d. 732/1331), Ebn Ḵaldun (d. 808/1046), Mirḵᵛānd, (d. 903/1498; II, pp. The powerful Iranian nobleman and military commander, Rostam b. Farroḵ-Hormozd, was sent at the head of a large army to counter this threat of invasion. 292-302), Ferdowsi (d. 411/1020; ed. Subsequent historians, such as Balāḏori (d. 279/892; pp. 125-33), Ṭabari (d. 311/923; I, pp. Most importantly, it was the last major military engagement which might have permanently stopped the advance of Islam out of the Arabian Peninsula. Qādesiya was likely a garrison town in the network of Sasanian fortifications known as the “Wall of the Arabs” (MPers. ca. Yet, the bulk of the source material consists of embellishments and topoi that obscure the kernel of historical truth. 30,000 Muslims defeated 120,000 Persians 87. 448-489. Starting in the 10th century, Persian-language writers, especially Abu ʿAli Balʿami (d. 364/974; pp. Amidst the gale, a single Arab soldier chanced upon Rostam, whom he promptly attacked and beheaded. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Updates? Qādesiyat-Ṣaddām) in official rhetoric (Lewental, pp. 297-357. Ebn al-Aṯir, al-Kāmel fi’al-tāʾriḵ, ed. Alfred-Louis de Prémare, “Les élephants de Qādisiyya,” Arabica 45/2, 1998, pp. Articles Sourced from : Al-Bidaya Wal Al-Nihayah (Ibn Kathir) Seera Amir ul Muâmineen Caliph Umar Bin al-Khattab (Dr. Al-Sallabi) Al-Muntazam fi Tarikil Muluk wa al-Ummam (Al-Tabari). 98-99. Leiden, 1964, I, pp. 125-33 ; tr. arabici 6-7, 2 vols., Beirut, 1906-1909. Two years after Qadisiyah, Sa’d (ra) went on to take the Sasanian capital. Ḵandaq Sābur; Ṭabari, I, pp. Charles François Defrémery and Beniamino Raffaello Sanguinetti, as The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354, 4th ed., 5 vols., Paris, 1926, I, pp. 6;). Khaleghi-Motlaq, VIII, pp, 410 ff. 150-61. Moḥammad-Jawād Maškur, Tehran, 1958, pp. Yāqut, Moʿjam al-boldān, ed. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 2, pp. The historical sources are unclear regarding both the date of the battle and the sizes of the forces that participated. 205-8). QĀDESIYA, BATTLE OF, an engagement during the mid-630s CE in which Arab Muslim warriors overcame a larger Sasanian army and paved the way for their subsequent conquest of Iran.The battle took place at a small settlement on the frontier of Sasanian Iraq. 157-67. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Later historians writing in Arabic or Persian, such as Yāqut (d. 626/1229; IV, pp. 850-54. The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, fought in 636, was a war between Arab Muslims and the Sassanid Persian army. The Arab victory over the army of Yazdegerd III (reigned 632–651) marked the end of his dynasty and the beginning of Arab and Islamic rule in Qādesiya was likely a garrison town in the network of Sasanian fortifications known as the “Wall of the Arabs” (MPers. Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.If you enter several tags, separate with commas. Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr: A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic, and History, tr. 176-99). Fred McGraw Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton, 1981. Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh and Abu’l-Fażl Ḵaṭibi, New York, 2007, VIII, pp. Is sealed the fate of the Sasanian Empire just as the Battle of Yarmuk had sealed the fate of the Byzantine Empire in the west. Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynard, http://DGLnotes.com/notes/qadisiyyah3.htm, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qadesiya-battle. 2962-79; ed. John Walter Jandora, The March from Medina: A Revisionist Study of the Arab Conquests, Clifton, N.J., 1989. Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā Balāḏori, Ketāb fotuḥ al-boldān, ed. Michael G. Morony, “The Effects of the Muslim Conquest on the Persian Population of Iraq,” Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies 14, 1976, pp. Idem, “Continuity and Change in the Administrative Geography of Late Sasanian and Early Islamic al-ʿIrāq,” Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies 20, 1982, pp. In Islamic historiography, the account of the Battle of Qādesiya occupies a prominent place; for instance, Ṭabari has devoted 167 pages to this battle. Mirḵᵛānd, Rawżat al-ṣafā, ed. Moḥammad-Reżā Šafiʿi Kadkani, as Āarineš wa tāriḵ, 2 vols, Tehran, 1995, II, pp. Moḥammad Dabirsiāqi, 3rd edition, Tehran, 1983, I, pp. 2nd-3rd/8th-9th; pp. It had taken place nearby Qadisiyyah, the … 388-450; idem, forthcoming; Bengio, pp. Nevertheless, in a study on Qādesiya, Lewental (pp. The Victory Arch (Arabic: قوس النصر ‎ Qaws an-Naá¹£r), officially known as the Swords of QādisÄ«yah، and popularly called the Hands of Victory or the Crossed Swords, are a pair of triumphal arches in central Baghdad, Iraq.Each arch consists of a pair of outstretched hands holding crossed swords. 248-63; Donner, pp. Lewental argued (pp. in OTL, Battle of Al-Qadisiyah There was a war in November 636 between the arabs and the weakened Sassanid Empire. The order further enjoined him to arrange himself and his troops in such a manner, so as to have the plains of Persia in front and the hills of Arabia in the rear. Saad Fourth Day: Day of Al-Qadisiya يوم القادسية ِ … 315-26) that, although subsequent memory has telescoped the conquest of Iran into this one battle, Qādesiya was not conclusive; it was followed by two major engagements at Jalulāʾ and Nehāvand; and, despite decades of external and internal warfare and financial bankruptcy, Iran succeeded in offering stiff and sustained resistance for many years. The years on the reverse stand for the Battle of Qadisiyyah in 1400, a decisive battle between the Arab Muslim army and the Sassanid Persian army during the first period of Muslim expansion that was won by the Arabs and the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988). Andrew Palmer, ed. 232-47). The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah (Arabic: مَعْرَكَة ٱلْقَادِسِيَّة‎; MaÊ¿rakah al-QādisÄ«yah, Persian: نبرد قادسیه‎ Nabard-e Qâdisiyeh) also spelled Qadisiyah, Qadisiyya, Ghadesiyeh or Kadisiya, fought in 636, was a decisive battle between the Arab Muslim army and the army of the Sasanian Empire of Persia during the first period of Muslim conquests. The victory of the Arabs at Al Qadisiyyah, coupled with t… Emperor Heraclius succeeded Phocas in 610 and led the Byzantines in a war of reconquest, successfully regaining territory lost to the Sassanid Empire. Eric M. Davis, Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq, Berkeley, 2005. Theodoor W. J. Juynboll, as Le livre de l'impôt foncier de Yahya Ibn Adam, Leiden, 1896, pp. Sayyid Muhammad Yūsuf, “The Battle of al-Qādisiyya,” Islamic Culture 19/1, 1945, pp. Ebn Aʿṯam Kufi, Ketāb al-fotuḥ, ed. The earliest known mention of the battle appears in the Armenian history of Sebēos (d. ca 661; I, pp. Omissions? Battle of Qadisiyah, 636 CE Jennifer Lavoura / Getty Images Fresh from their victory two years earlier at Badr, the upstart armies of Islam took on the 300-year-old Sassanid Persian Empire in November of 636 at al-Qadisiyyah, in modern-day Iraq . The Battle of Al Qadisiyyah was the most decisive battle in the wars between the Arab Muslims and the Sassanid Empire of Persia. In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful . 1-49. pp. Taʾriḵ ḥabib al-siar, ed. Ctesiphon with its treasures was at the mercy of the victors. Vladimir Guirgass, Leiden, 1888, pp. Ebn Baṭṭuṭa, Toḥfat al-noẓẓār fi ḡarāʾeb al-amṣār wa ʿajāʾeb al-asfār, ed. A number of modern scholars (esp. 1-28. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... …empire was decided in the battle of Al-Qādisiyyah (636/637)—on one of the Euphrates canals, not far from Al-Ḥīrah—during which the Sāsānian commander in chief, Rostam, was killed. 107-11, 117, 358). The two great Arab military victories of 636, the Battle of Yarmouk against the Byzantines and the Battle of al-Qadisiyah against the Sasanian Persians, were decisive in both in military and in geopolitical terms. Clément Huart, as Le livre de la création et de l’histoire d’Abou-Zéïd Ahmed ben Sahl el-Balkhi, six vols., Paris, 1899-1919, IV, pp. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Scholars agree that most details were fabricated by storytellers and traditionists according to a common schema of how they imagined battles should have taken place. Regarding size, it is unlikely that more than twelve thousand Arab Muslims and thirty thousand Iranians fought each other; one can safely assert only that the Persians outnumbered the invaders (Lewental, pp. It also set the seal of decline on the Sassanid Persian empire. 135-70. and tr. The threat of further reinforcement of the Muslim army encouraged Rustam to seek a decisive breakthrough on the third day of battle. After three days of fighting, a dust storm arose, blowing sand into the Persians’ eyes and enabling their opponents to overpower them. 255-62), Dinavari (d. 282/895; pp. 2, pp. Noth, Conrad, Morony, Donner, and Pourshariati) have examined Qādesiya within the context of broader studies, and many ideas distilled from the larger body of scholarship can be applied to the battle. Perhaps one of the more elusive Dragunov-clones in recent small arms history, the 7.62 × 54mmR Al-Qadisiyah (or al-Kadesiah – depending on transliteration) precision rifle is one of only two precision rifles that Saddam Hussein’s defense armaments industry al-Kadesiah Establishments produced from the 1 980s until 2003 (other being the 7.62 × 39mm Tabuk Sniper).